Welding class:
Pneumatic cylinder parameters
Total force = single stage force × no. of stages
Results
Advance force (push)
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F = π/4 × D² × P × η × n_stages
Return force (pull)
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Annular area × P × η
Piston area
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A = π/4 × D²
Annular area
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A_ann = π/4 × (D²–d²)
Pressure in daN/cm²
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1 bar = 1.0197 daN/cm²
Applied formulas — tandem cylinder
F_spinta = [A_pieno + (n–1) × A_ann] × P × η
F_ritorno = n × A_ann × P × η
A_pieno = π/4 × D² · A_ann = π/4 × (D²–d²)
Stage 1: full bore piston Ø D (full area) ·
Stages 2…n: previous rod passes through piston, useful area = D²–d² ·
D, d in cm · P in daN/cm² (bar × 1.0197) · η = efficiency · n = stages
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Process parameters
1 ciclo = 20.0 ms
Results
Thermal Current I_th
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Enter parameters and press Calculate
Duty Cycle—
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Energy / spot
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Q = I²·R·t (R≈150 µΩ)
Average power
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P = I_th² · R
Cycle period
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Weld time
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Applied formula
I_th = I · √(t_s / T)
I = welding current [kA] · t_s = weld time [s] · T = cycle period [s]